Group B Streptococcus the confusing and nasty bug

Group B Streptococcus is a concern for women during childbirth and for those who care for them. The issues surrounding Group B Streptococcus are complex and the outcome of serious infection in the newborn is severe and sometimes fatal. It is a difficult issue to discuss with women during pregnancy and women need to be informed so that they can make an informed decision about screening for Group B Strep and the possible use of prophylactic antibiotics. Some years ago I developed a pamphlet for my own practice to help me to inform women about this issue. Other local midwives have found this pamphlet useful and I have recently updated the pamphlet to meet new local guidelines. I want to make this available to anyone who might find it useful and loaded it as a PDF onto Google Docs. Google docs will only allow access to PDF files to those who have a Google docs account and have been invited to view. I have now uploaded it onto SCRIBD and hoping this works
GBS Pamphlet 30th June 2009

Video about moodle

Usually I would not post this here as this is my midwifery blog. The blog I use for matters to do with e-learning, education etc is my Fled blog. However it is ion Wordpress and not all embed codes work in Wordpress so I am posting this here. It is a hard decision to make but i do think i will need to leave Wordpress and return to blogger for my Fled blog as it is frustrating not being able to do some of the things I need to do.

Forced caesarean, informed consent?

I was linked to this post by friend on Twitter. I have no way way of knowing the exact circumstances of this child being removed from its parents. Perhaps there were other issues, I hope it was not, as the story suggests, because of the mother declining to sign a consent form for a caesarean section, should it become necessary, during her stay in the labour ward. Ultimately the woman had a vaginal birth of a healthy child and caesarean was not necessary, however she was taken to court because of her refusal to sign a consent and her child was removed from her care. There may well be other circumstances involved and this is only part of the reason however the simple story of requiring a woman to sign a consent for caesarean "just in case" it is required and then accusing her of breach of her responsibility to the child because she refused to sign is something worthy of serious consideration. This took place in New Jersey in the United States of America, so a different cultural social and medical perspective to ours in New Zealand. None the less I would have thought that processes around obtaining consent, and considerations of when intervention in birth is appropriate, should be similar in any supposedly 'civilised' 'western' 'economically advantaged' society

Seymour (2000) discusses informed consent in childbirth in terms of UK, US and Australian legislation. He suggests that coercing women to accept treatment is not supported in law and that women have a right to full information and to make their own decisions based on that information. Seymour suggests it is paternalistic for a practitioner to discuss risks and benefits of different options and then expect a woman to take a particular course which the practitioner feels to be the correct and obvious choice. Informed decision making means that women are free to make decisions based on information, their knowledge of the situation and their own circumstances and preferences. Once this decision is made women should not be coerced into making a different choice unless circumstances change. The woman is then informed of this change and is able to reconsider her decision.

In New Zealand this right for women to make decisions about their care is upheld by the code patient rights and is monitored by the Health and Disability Co missioner. When acknowledging that the woman has the right to consent we must also therefore acknowledge that the woman also has the right to decline treatment for herself and her child. Informed decision making therefore involves a process of giving information and allowing the individual time to consider this information before asking if they will agree to the procedure, or which of several choices she will take. Signing a form on admission to a health facility to give the health practitioners blanket rights to perform any procedure they feel may be necessary in the circumstances is therefore not informed decision making.

Giving information in such a way that there is no real choice is not informed decision making. For example to state "I need to do this now, is that OK?" is not an informed consent process. Some practitioners seem to use this type of statement for consent to a variety of procedures, from taking a blood test, to obtaining a heel prick blood test from a baby, taking blood pressure, to administering medication. For the decision to be truly informed the practitioner needs to find out what the woman knows about the procedure and fill any knowledge gaps for her in simple, non medical terminology. It is preferable to do this well in advance of the intervention that is being undertaken and to give some written information for the woman to consider. Only then can the woman make a truly informed decision about whether she is happy to have this intervention or not. If the practitioner believes a decision places the woman or baby at risk then he or she has a responsibility to tell the woman. The practitioner has the option of declining to provide care for the woman if he or she believes what the woman wants is outside their scope practice and would place the practitioner at risk. IN this unusual circumstance the woman should be given the opportunity to be referred to another health practitioner who may be able to accommodate her needs. For example if a woman wants a home birth and the practitioner does not provide this service then the woman should be given the names of practitioners who can provide this for her. This option of refusing to care for a woman should not be used as a means of coercing the woman to accept a decision she is opposed to.

In conclusion women have a right to make informed decisions. This means women also have the right to decline treatment which has been recommended to them. Practitioners need to be able to provide information and allow women to make decisions even if those may not be the decisions that the practitioner believes to be the best in the circumstances. Practitioners should document the information that has been shared with a woman, what the outcome of the discussion has been and what decisions have been made.



Seymour, J. (2000). Childbirth and the law. London: Oxford University Press. Available in part online from google books


Image: "What to do" from starry eyed Cece's photos on Flickr.com